Remember the important ideas

Numbers to 100 can be represented in words, numerals, objects and positions on a number line. In a two-digit number, the position of a digit tells you its value.

Representation: 47 = 40 + 7. The tens place comes before the ones place.

Common reminder: Do not read the digits as separate numbers. The place of each digit changes its value.

Remember: A number keeps the same value when its representation changes.

Choose addition when amounts join or increase. Choose subtraction when an amount is taken away or when you find the difference. Use known facts and place value to calculate efficiently.

Representation: A fact family links 23 + 14 = 37, 14 + 23 = 37, 37 - 23 = 14 and 37 - 14 = 23.

Common reminder: Addition can be done in either order, but subtraction cannot be swapped without changing the answer.

Remember: Read the problem first, then choose the operation that matches the story.

Multiplication describes equal groups or rows in an array. Division can share a total equally or make equal groups. Use the 2, 5 and 10 times-table facts to support both operations.

Representation: 3 × 5 = 15 and 5 × 3 = 15 show the same total in a different order.

Common reminder: Check whether the question asks for the number of groups or the number in each group.

Remember: Equal means every group or row has the same number.

A fraction describes equal parts of a whole, shape, set or quantity. The denominator tells how many equal parts there are. The numerator tells how many parts are selected.

Representation: To find 1/4 of 12, split 12 into 4 equal groups. Each group has 3, so 1/4 of 12 is 3.

Common reminder: The parts must be equal. Four unequal pieces are not four quarters.

Remember: Say the denominator first: it tells you how many equal parts to make.

Choose a sensible standard unit and measure from zero. Compare measurements carefully and record the result using words or symbols.

Representation: A scale must have a clear interval. Count equal spaces, not just the printed numbers.

Common reminder: Do not choose a unit just because it is familiar. Think about the size of the object or amount.

Remember: Start at zero, use equal intervals and include the unit in your answer.

Money uses pounds (£) and pence (p). Time can be described on a clock, in minutes and hours, and with calendar language.

Representation: On an analogue clock, the minute hand points to 3 at quarter past and to 9 at quarter to.

Common reminder: Keep pounds and pence in the correct places. Do not write 1p when you mean £1.

Remember: Read the units and the time words before calculating.

Describe a shape using properties that stay true when the shape is turned. 2-D shapes have sides and may have lines of symmetry. 3-D shapes have faces, edges and vertices.

Representation: A face is a flat surface on a 3-D shape. An edge is where two faces meet. A vertex is a corner.

Common reminder: A turned shape is still the same shape. Describe its properties, not its position on the page.

Remember: Count and name the property the question asks for.

Use a reference point when describing position. A quarter turn is a right angle, a half turn is two right angles and a whole turn is four right angles.

Representation: Use the starting direction and the number or type of turn to describe movement precisely.

Common reminder: Left and right depend on the reference point. Do not describe a move without saying what it is relative to.

Remember: Say where, which way and how far the turn goes.

Data is information collected about categories. Count carefully, record totals and use a key or scale when a chart has one.

Representation: A table can organise category names and frequencies so that totals are easy to compare.

Common reminder: Check the key before counting symbols. One picture may stand for more than one object.

Remember: Read the category, key and scale before answering the question.